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Table of Contents: June 2005; 93 (6) [Index by Author]   [Editorial Board] [Cover]
DownEssays on APS Classic Papers
DownEditorial Focus
DownInvited Reviews
DownArticles
DownTranslational Physiology
DownInnovative Methodology
DownReports
DownLetters to the Editor
DownCorrigenda
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Essays on APS Classic PapersBack

Eve Marder
Honoring Our Past
J Neurophysiol 93: 3023-3023, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00030.2005 [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  

Lorne M. Mendell
The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3024-3026, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00025.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  

Xiao-Jing Wang
Discovering spatial working memory fields in prefrontal cortex
J Neurophysiol 93: 3027-3028, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00028.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  

Ronald Harris-Warrick
Synaptic chemistry in single neurons: GABA is identified as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
J Neurophysiol 93: 3029-3031, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00026.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  

Dora E. Angelaki
The physiology of the peripheral vestibular system: the birth of a field
J Neurophysiol 93: 3032-3033, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00027.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  

Gary Matthews
Making the retina approachable
J Neurophysiol 93: 3034-3035, 2005; doi:10.1152/classicessays.00029.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]Free Article  


Editorial FocusBack

Donata Oertel
Importance of Timing for Understanding Speech. Focus on "Perceptual Consequences of Disrupted Auditory Nerve Activity"
J Neurophysiol 93: 3044-3045, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00020.2005 [Full Text] [PDF]  

Huibert D. Mansvelder
Yin and Yang of VTA Opioid Signaling. Focus on "Both Kappa and Mu Opioid Agonists Inhibit Glutamatergic Input to Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons"
J Neurophysiol 93: 3046-3047, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00062.2005 [Full Text] [PDF]  

G. Christopher Stecker
Rate-Limited, But Accurate, Central Processing of Interaural Time Differences in Modulated High-Frequency Sounds. Focus on: "Neural Sensitivity to Interaural Envelope Delays in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig"
J Neurophysiol 93: 3048-3049, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00072.2005 [Full Text] [PDF]  


Invited ReviewsBack

Denise Y. P. Henriques and John F. Soechting
Approaches to the Study of Haptic Sensing
J Neurophysiol 93: 3036-3043, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00010.2005 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  


ArticlesBack

Nazarena Mazzaro, Michael J. Grey, Thomas Sinkjær, Jacob Buus Andersen, Davide Pareyson, and Marco Schieppati
Lack of On-Going Adaptations in the Soleus Muscle Activity During Walking in Patients Affected by Large-Fiber Neuropathy
J Neurophysiol 93: 3075-3085, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01071.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Elyssa B. Margolis, Gregory O. Hjelmstad, Antonello Bonci, and Howard L. Fields
Both Kappa and Mu Opioid Agonists Inhibit Glutamatergic Input to Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3086-3093, 2005. First published December 22, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00855.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

G. F. Molnar, A. Pilliar, A. M. Lozano, and J. O. Dostrovsky
Differences in Neuronal Firing Rates in Pallidal and Cerebellar Receiving Areas of Thalamus in Patients With Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor, and Pain
J Neurophysiol 93: 3094-3101, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00881.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Joanna P. Tyszkiewicz and Zhen Yan
{beta}-Amyloid Peptides Impair PKC-Dependent Functions of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Prefrontal Cortical Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3102-3111, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00939.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Supplemental Figures]  

K. Dang, K. Bielfeldt, K. Lamb, and G. F. Gebhart
Gastric Ulcers Evoke Hyperexcitability and Enhance P2X Receptor Function in Rat Gastric Sensory Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3112-3119, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01127.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Peiyuan Wang and Malcolm M. Slaughter
Effects of GABA Receptor Antagonists on Retinal Glycine Receptors and on Homomeric Glycine Receptor Alpha Subunits
J Neurophysiol 93: 3120-3126, 2005. First published February 23, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01228.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Grégoire Courtine, Roland R. Roy, John Hodgson, Heather McKay, Joseph Raven, Hui Zhong, Hong Yang, Mark H. Tuszynski, and V. Reggie Edgerton
Kinematic and EMG Determinants in Quadrupedal Locomotion of a Non-Human Primate (Rhesus)
J Neurophysiol 93: 3127-3145, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01073.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

D. D. Denson, J. Li, X. Wang, and D. C. Eaton
Activation of BK Channels in GH3 Cells by a c-PLA2-Dependent G-Protein Signaling Pathway
J Neurophysiol 93: 3146-3156, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00865.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Jayne R. Bramley, Patricia J. Sollars, Gary E. Pickard, and F. Edward Dudek
5-HT1B Receptor-Mediated Presynaptic Inhibition of GABA Release in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
J Neurophysiol 93: 3157-3164, 2005. First published February 16, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00770.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Philip A. Starr, Geoff M. Rau, Valerie Davis, William J. Marks, Jr., Jill L. Ostrem, Donn Simmons, Nadja Lindsey, and Robert S. Turner
Spontaneous Pallidal Neuronal Activity in Human Dystonia: Comparison With Parkinson’s Disease and Normal Macaque
J Neurophysiol 93: 3165-3176, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00971.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Mark A. Masino and Joseph R. Fetcho
Fictive Swimming Motor Patterns in Wild Type and Mutant Larval Zebrafish
J Neurophysiol 93: 3177-3188, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01248.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Jon Hore and Sherry Watts
Timing Finger Opening in Overarm Throwing Based on a Spatial Representation of Hand Path
J Neurophysiol 93: 3189-3199, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01268.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Robert A. Scheidt, Michael A. Conditt, Emanuele L. Secco, and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi
Interaction of Visual and Proprioceptive Feedback During Adaptation of Human Reaching Movements
J Neurophysiol 93: 3200-3213, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00947.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Brian J. White, Karl R. Gegenfurtner, and Dirk Kerzel
Effects of Structured Nontarget Stimuli on Saccadic Latency
J Neurophysiol 93: 3214-3223, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01104.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Matthew S. Grubb and Ian D. Thompson
Visual Response Properties of Burst and Tonic Firing in the Mouse Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
J Neurophysiol 93: 3224-3247, 2005. First published December 15, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00445.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Veronika Zsiros and Shaul Hestrin
Background Synaptic Conductance and Precision of EPSP-Spike Coupling at Pyramidal Cells
J Neurophysiol 93: 3248-3256, 2005. First published February 16, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01027.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

H. Parnas, I. Slutsky, G. Rashkovan, I. Silman, J. Wess, and I. Parnas
Depolarization Initiates Phasic Acetylcholine Release by Relief of a Tonic Block Imposed by Presynaptic M2 Muscarinic Receptors
J Neurophysiol 93: 3257-3269, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01131.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Roland Schaette, Tim Gollisch, and Andreas V. M. Herz
Spike-Train Variability of Auditory Neurons In Vivo: Dynamic Responses Follow Predictions From Constant Stimuli
J Neurophysiol 93: 3270-3281, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00758.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Susumu Koyama, Yoshio Kanemitsu, and Forrest F. Weight
Spontaneous Activity and Properties of Two Types of Principal Neurons From the Ventral Tegmental Area of Rat
J Neurophysiol 93: 3282-3293, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00776.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Kiran Nataraj and Jeffrey J. Wenstrup
Roles of Inhibition in Creating Complex Auditory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus: Facilitated Combination-Sensitive Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3294-3312, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01152.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Shigeto Furukawa, Katuhiro Maki, Makio Kashino, and Hiroshi Riquimaroux
Dependency of the Interaural Phase Difference Sensitivities of Inferior Collicular Neurons on a Preceding Tone and Its Implications in Neural Population Coding
J Neurophysiol 93: 3313-3326, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01219.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Nicole Malfait, Paul L. Gribble, and David J. Ostry
Generalization of Motor Learning Based on Multiple Field Exposures and Local Adaptation
J Neurophysiol 93: 3327-3338, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00883.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Maike Vollmer, Patricia A. Leake, Ralph E. Beitel, Stephen J. Rebscher, and Russell L. Snyder
Degradation of Temporal Resolution in the Auditory Midbrain After Prolonged Deafness Is Reversed by Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea
J Neurophysiol 93: 3339-3355, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00900.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Ronald G. Kaptein and Jan A. M. Van Gisbergen
Nature of the Transition Between Two Modes of External Space Perception in Tilted Subjects
J Neurophysiol 93: 3356-3369, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01137.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Claire Wyart, Simona Cocco, Laurent Bourdieu, Jean-Francois Léger, Catherine Herr, and Didier Chatenay
Dynamics of Excitatory Synaptic Components in Sustained Firing at Low Rates
J Neurophysiol 93: 3370-3380, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00530.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Gerald F. Reis, Michael B. Lee, Alex S. Huang, and Karen D. Parfitt
Adenylate Cyclase-Mediated Forms of Neuronal Plasticity in Hippocampal Area CA1 Are Reduced With Aging
J Neurophysiol 93: 3381-3389, 2005. First published January 5, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00827.2003 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

W. R. D’Angelo, S. J. Sterbing, E.-M. Ostapoff, and S. Kuwada
Role of GABAergic Inhibition in the Coding of Interaural Time Differences of Low-Frequency Sounds in the Inferior Colliculus
J Neurophysiol 93: 3390-3400, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00956.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Amaresh Vydyanathan, Zi-Zhen Wu, Shao-Rui Chen, and Hui-Lin Pan
A-Type Voltage-Gated K+ Currents Influence Firing Properties of Isolectin B4-Positive But Not Isolectin B4-Negative Primary Sensory Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3401-3409, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01267.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Christiane Linster, Silke Sachse, and C. Giovanni Galizia
Computational Modeling Suggests That Response Properties Rather Than Spatial Position Determine Connectivity Between Olfactory Glomeruli
J Neurophysiol 93: 3410-3417, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01285.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Hui Meng, Andrea M. Green, J. David Dickman, and Dora E. Angelaki
Pursuit—Vestibular Interactions in Brain Stem Neurons During Rotation and Translation
J Neurophysiol 93: 3418-3433, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01259.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Robert A. Österbauer, Paul M. Matthews, Mark Jenkinson, Christian F. Beckmann, Peter C. Hansen, and Gemma A. Calvert
Color of Scents: Chromatic Stimuli Modulate Odor Responses in the Human Brain
J Neurophysiol 93: 3434-3441, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00555.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

X. Dai, B. R. Noga, J. R. Douglas, and L. M. Jordan
Localization of Spinal Neurons Activated During Locomotion Using the c-fos Immunohistochemical Method
J Neurophysiol 93: 3442-3452, 2005. First published January 5, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00578.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Mary-Ellen Large, Adrian Aldcroft, and Tutis Vilis
Perceptual Continuity and the Emergence of Perceptual Persistence in the Ventral Visual Pathway
J Neurophysiol 93: 3453-3462, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00934.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Sarah J. Griffin, Leslie R. Bernstein, Neil J. Ingham, and David McAlpine
Neural Sensitivity to Interaural Envelope Delays in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig
J Neurophysiol 93: 3463-3478, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00794.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Dario A. Protti, Nicolas Flores-Herr, Wei Li, Stephen C. Massey, and Heinz Wässle
Light Signaling in Scotopic Conditions in the Rabbit, Mouse and Rat Retina: A Physiological and Anatomical Study
J Neurophysiol 93: 3479-3488, 2005. First published December 15, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00839.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Thomas D. Mrsic-Flogel, Andrew J. King, and Jan W. H. Schnupp
Encoding of Virtual Acoustic Space Stimuli by Neurons in Ferret Primary Auditory Cortex
J Neurophysiol 93: 3489-3503, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00748.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Kenji Morita, Kunichika Tsumoto, and Kazuyuki Aihara
Possible Effects of Depolarizing GABAA Conductance on the Neuronal Input–Output Relationship: A Modeling Study
J Neurophysiol 93: 3504-3523, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00988.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Shinji Nishimoto, Miki Arai, and Izumi Ohzawa
Accuracy of Subspace Mapping of Spatiotemporal Frequency Domain Visual Receptive Fields
J Neurophysiol 93: 3524-3536, 2005. First published January 12, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01169.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Chong Weng, Chun-I Yeh, Carl R. Stoelzel, and Jose-Manuel Alonso
Receptive Field Size and Response Latency Are Correlated Within the Cat Visual Thalamus
J Neurophysiol 93: 3537-3547, 2005. First published December 8, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00847.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

A. Vogel, R. M. Hennig, and B. Ronacher
Increase of Neuronal Response Variability at Higher Processing Levels as Revealed by Simultaneous Recordings
J Neurophysiol 93: 3548-3559, 2005. First published February 16, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01288.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Serapio M. Baca, Eric E. Thomson, and William B. Kristan, Jr.
Location and Intensity Discrimination in the Leech Local Bend Response Quantified Using Optic Flow and Principal Components Analysis
J Neurophysiol 93: 3560-3572, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01263.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Alfredo Fontanini and James M. Bower
Variable Coupling Between Olfactory System Activity and Respiration in Ketamine/Xylazine Anesthetized Rats
J Neurophysiol 93: 3573-3581, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01320.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Ricardo H. Pineda, Ryan A. Heiser, and Angeles B. Ribera
Developmental, Molecular, and Genetic Dissection of INa In Vivo in Embryonic Zebrafish Sensory Neurons
J Neurophysiol 93: 3582-3593, 2005. First published January 26, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01070.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Junichi Kitagawa, Kenro Kanda, Miho Sugiura, Yoshiyuki Tsuboi, Akiko Ogawa, Kohei Shimizu, Natsu Koyama, Hiroshi Kamo, Tatsuhisa Watanabe, Ke Ren, and Koichi Iwata
Effect of Chronic Inflammation on Dorsal Horn Nociceptive Neurons in Aged Rats
J Neurophysiol 93: 3594-3604, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01075.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Holger Awater, David Burr, Markus Lappe, M. Concetta Morrone, and Michael E. Goldberg
Effect of Saccadic Adaptation on Localization of Visual Targets
J Neurophysiol 93: 3605-3614, 2005. First published December 22, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.01013.2003 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Alberto Recio-Spinoso, Andrei N. Temchin, Pim van Dijk, Yun-Hui Fan, and Mario A. Ruggero
Wiener-Kernel Analysis of Responses to Noise of Chinchilla Auditory-Nerve Fibers
J Neurophysiol 93: 3615-3634, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00882.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Andrei N. Temchin, Alberto Recio-Spinoso, Pim van Dijk, and Mario A. Ruggero
Wiener Kernels of Chinchilla Auditory-Nerve Fibers: Verification Using Responses to Tones, Clicks, and Noise and Comparison With Basilar-Membrane Vibrations
J Neurophysiol 93: 3635-3648, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00885.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Jae Kun Shim, Mark L. Latash, and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky
Prehension Synergies: Trial-to-Trial Variability and Principle of Superposition During Static Prehension in Three Dimensions
J Neurophysiol 93: 3649-3658, 2005. First published February 23, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01262.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Andrew H. Bell, M. Alex Meredith, A. John Van Opstal, and Douglas P. Munoz
Crossmodal Integration in the Primate Superior Colliculus Underlying the Preparation and Initiation of Saccadic Eye Movements
J Neurophysiol 93: 3659-3673, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01214.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  


Translational PhysiologyBack

Fan-Gang Zeng, Ying-Yee Kong, Henry J. Michalewski, and Arnold Starr
Perceptual Consequences of Disrupted Auditory Nerve Activity
J Neurophysiol 93: 3050-3063, 2005. First published December 22, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00985.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Molly M. Sturman, David E. Vaillancourt, and Daniel M. Corcos
Effects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor
J Neurophysiol 93: 3064-3074, 2005. First published February 16, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01218.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  


Innovative MethodologyBack

D. F. Kutz, N. Marzocchi, P. Fattori, S. Cavalcanti, and C. Galletti
Real-Time Supervisor System Based on Trinary Logic to Control Experiments With Behaving Animals and Humans
J Neurophysiol 93: 3674-3686, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01292.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  


ReportsBack

Satoshi Tsujimoto and Toshiyuki Sawaguchi
Neuronal Activity Representing Temporal Prediction of Reward in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol 93: 3687-3692, 2005. First published January 5, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01149.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Sergei B. Yakushin, Yongqing Xiang, Theodore Raphan, and Bernard Cohen
Spatial Distribution of Gravity-Dependent Gain Changes in the Vestibuloocular Reflex
J Neurophysiol 93: 3693-3698, 2005. First published February 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01269.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

M. R. Ibbotson, N.S.C. Price, and N. A. Crowder
On the Division of Cortical Cells Into Simple and Complex Types: A Comparative Viewpoint
J Neurophysiol 93: 3699-3702, 2005. First published January 19, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01159.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

Nikolaos Smyrnis, Giovanni d'Avossa, Christos Theleritis, Asimakis Mantas, Alpay Ozcan, and Ioannis Evdokimidis
Parallel Processing of Spatial and Serial Order Information Before Moving to a Remembered Target
J Neurophysiol 93: 3703-3708, 2005. First published December 29, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00972.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  

W.W.P. Chan and H. L. Galiana
Integrator Function in the Oculomotor System Is Dependent on Sensory Context
J Neurophysiol 93: 3709-3717, 2005. First published February 9, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00814.2004 [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]  


Letters to the EditorBack

G. D. Iannetti and J.C.W. Brooks
On the interpretation of temporal differences of BOLD fMRI responses to nociceptive stimulation
J Neurophysiol 93: 3718-3719, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00026.2005 [Full Text] [PDF]  


CorrigendaBack

Corrigenda
J Neurophysiol 93: 3720-3720, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.00127.2004 [Full Text] [PDF]  


To see an article, click its [Full Text] or [PDF] link. To review many abstracts, check the boxes to the left of the titles you want, and click the 'Get All Checked Abstracts' button. To see one abstract at a time, click its [Abstract] link.


Cover Back

Cover Image

Cover: Previously, we demonstrated that discrete focal hypoxia (induced by sodium cyanide; NaCN) of the respiratory rhythm generator in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) elicits excitation of phrenic motor output, suggesting that this region may be directly excited by hypoxia (i.e., intrinsic hypoxic chemosensitivity) (Solomon IC, Edelman NH, and Neubauer JA. J Neurophysiol 83: 2854-2868, 2000). In some regions of the brain, however, hypoxia may enhance glutamate release; thus, there existed the possibility that the pre-BotC-mediated hypoxic respiratory excitation resulted from hypoxia-induced activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. This follow-up study tested this possibility and demonstrates that the central hypoxic chemosensitivity of the respiratory rhythm generator in the pre-BotC is not dependent on hypoxia-induced glutamate release. Bottom: excitation of the phrenic motor output evoked by discrete focal pre-BotC hypoxia (induced by NaCN) during blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Top left: sites receiving microinjection of NaCN after microinjection of the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid. Top right: three-dimensional brain stem representation highlights the location of the pre-BotC. (Stu Suchit from Media Services at SUNY Stony Brook helped with the design and layout of the image.) From: Solomon IC. Glutamate neurotransmission is not required for, but may modulate, hypoxic sensitivity of pre-Botzinger complex in vivo. J Neurophysiol 93: 1278-1284, 2005. First published November 3, 2004; doi:10.1152/jn.00932.2004.



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