Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol 43, Issue 1 137-150, Copyright © 1980 by APS

ARTICLES

Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space

P. E. Roland, E. Skinhoj, N. A. Lassen and B. Larsen

1. This paper reports regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements in 254 cortical regions with 133Xe injected into the internal carotid artery in 19 patients, none of whom had any major neurological defect. The purpose was to demonstrate the pattern of cortical activity, as revealed by rCBF increases, during two types of unilateral voluntary movement in extrapersonal space: a) the maze test, series of fast isolated movements in various directions in a frame, executed under verbal command; and b) the drawing of a spiral in the air. 2. Both types of movements were associated with increases of rCBF in the supplementary motor area (bilaterally), the convexity part of the premotor area (bilaterally), the primary sensorimotor hand and arm area (contralaterally), and in the superior and inferior parietal region (bilaterally). 3. During the maze test there were, in addition, bilateral focal increases of the blood flow in the auditory areas, the inferior frontal regions, and the frontal eye fields. 4. It is concluded that the supplementary motor areas, which are also active during programming and execution of movement sequences in intrapersonal space (33), elaborate programs for motor subroutines necessary in skilled voluntary motion. The convexity parts of the premotor areas are activated when a new motor program is established or a previously learned motor program is modulated. The primary motor area is the exclusive executive locus for voluntary movements of the hand and arm. 5. Voluntary movements in extrapersonal space only are associated with activation of the parietal regions. These areas are assumed to provide information to the motor programming neurons about the demanded direction of motion in extrapersonal space in relation to proprioceptive reference systems. 6. The increase of rCBF in the auditory areas, the inferior frontal regions, and the frontal eye fields during the maze test were ascribed to the processing of auditory information. 7. Both tests are accompanied by a diffuse increase of the hemispheric blood flow (approximately 10%), which is assumed to be a parallel to the commonly known desynchronization of the EEG during mental work.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. J. Wisneski, N. Anderson, G. Schalk, M. Smyth, D. Moran, and E. C. Leuthardt Unique Cortical Physiology Associated With Ipsilateral Hand Movements and Neuroprosthetic Implications Stroke, December 1, 2008; 39(12): 3351 - 3359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Naito, F. Scheperjans, S. B. Eickhoff, K. Amunts, P. E. Roland, K. Zilles, and H. H. Ehrsson Human Superior Parietal Lobule Is Involved in Somatic Perception of Bimanual Interaction With an External Object J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2008; 99(2): 695 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Tanaka, M. Honda, and N. Sadato Modality-Specific Cognitive Function of Medial and Lateral Human Brodmann Area 6 J. Neurosci., January 12, 2005; 25(2): 496 - 501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.D. Vargas, E. Olivier, L. Craighero, L. Fadiga, J.R. Duhamel, and A. Sirigu The Influence of Hand Posture on Corticospinal Excitability during Motor Imagery: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2004; 14(11): 1200 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Solodkin, P. Hlustik, E. E. Chen, and S. L. Small Fine Modulation in Network Activation during Motor Execution and Motor Imagery Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2004; 14(11): 1246 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. S. Russo, D. A. Backus, S. Ye, and M. D. Crutcher Neural Activity in Monkey Dorsal and Ventral Cingulate Motor Areas: Comparison with the Supplementary Motor Area J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2002; 88(5): 2612 - 2629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Pietrini, M. Guazzelli, G. Basso, K. Jaffe, and J. Grafman Neural Correlates of Imaginal Aggressive Behavior Assessed by Positron Emission Tomography in Healthy Subjects Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2000; 157(11): 1772 - 1781. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. Gerardin, A. Sirigu, S. Lehericy, J.-B. Poline, B. Gaymard, C. Marsault, Y. Agid, and D. Le Bihan Partially Overlapping Neural Networks for Real and Imagined Hand Movements Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2000; 10(11): 1093 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Martinkauppi, P. Rama, H.J. Aronen, A. Korvenoja, and S. Carlson Working Memory of Auditory Localization Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2000; 10(9): 889 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Allison, K. J. Meador, D. W. Loring, R. E. Figueroa, and J. C. Wright Functional MRI cerebral activation and deactivation during finger movement Neurology, January 11, 2000; 54(1): 135 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Toma, M. Honda, T. Hanakawa, T. Okada, H. Fukuyama, A. Ikeda, S. Nishizawa, J. Konishi, and H. Shibasaki Activities of the Primary and Supplementary Motor Areas Increase in Preparation and Execution of Voluntary Muscle Relaxation: An Event-Related fMRI Study J. Neurosci., May 1, 1999; 19(9): 3527 - 3534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. van Mier, L. W. Tempel, J. S. Perlmutter, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen Changes in Brain Activity During Motor Learning Measured With PET: Effects of Hand of Performance and Practice J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2177 - 2199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Boecker, A. Dagher, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, R. E. Passingham, M. Samuel, K. J. Friston, J.-B. Poline, C. Dettmers, B. Conrad, and D. J. Brooks Role of the Human Rostral Supplementary Motor Area and the Basal Ganglia in Motor Sequence Control: Investigations With H2 15O PET J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1070 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. T. Grafton, A. H. Fagg, and M. A. Arbib Dorsal Premotor Cortex and Conditional Movement Selection: A PET Functional Mapping Study J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1998; 79(2): 1092 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Chamorro, R. S. Marshall, J. Valls-Sole, E. Tolosa, and J. P. Mohr Motor Behavior in Stroke Patients With Isolated Medial Frontal Ischemic Infarction Stroke, September 1, 1997; 28(9): 1755 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Sanes, J. Donoghue, V Thangaraj, R. Edelman, and S Warach Shared neural substrates controlling hand movements in human motor cortex Science, June 23, 1995; 268(5218): 1775 - 1777. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Hanlon, B. Clontz, D. Snow, and M. Thomas Treatment of Supplementary Motor Area Syndrome Neurorehabil Neural Repair, January 1, 1995; 9(4): 197 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]

				O. Rascol, U. Sabatini, F. Chollet, P. Celsis, J.-L. Montastruc, J.-P. Marc-Vergnes, and A. Rascol Supplementary and Primary Sensory Motor Area Activity in Parkinson's Disease: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes During Finger Movements and Effects of Apomorphine Arch Neurol, February 1, 1992; 49(2): 144 - 148. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. Goldberg, N. H. Mayer, and J. U. Toglia Medial Frontal Cortex Infarction and the Alien Hand Sign Arch Neurol, November 1, 1981; 38(11): 683 - 686. [Abstract] [PDF]